The Future Of Biotechnology Through The Hands Of Innovation

The future of biotechnology lies in the hands of innovation. The seed industry is a primary example of how utilization of innovation can globalize any business. Innovation does not come easy; it requires the right people and environment to prosper. This environment is fostered through the organizational culture of the business. Being able to manage this culture becomes a greater challenge as a business becomes globalized. Collaboration amongst people of different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs can be a daunting charge, but has been shown to increase innovation productivity. Increasing innovation in seed biotechnology companies are promoted through the company’s clearly defined philosophy that enables culturally diverse people to†¦show more content†¦Ideas and concepts communicated through various teams are progressive stepping-stones towards change, which can unleash the full potential of creativity (213). It is not a wild stream of ideas that will help inn ovation move forward, but rather a very well focused concept. Creating a clear and concise system allows people to truly focus on innovations that are aligned with the organization’s objectives and reduces the energy and time spent on incoherent ideas. In order to produce sustainable innovation a company needs to create a culture that will bring forth new ideas. Culture can be defined as a set of unwritten rules, shared beliefs, and mental models of people (236). This culture needs to harness creativity and renew the company by focusing on things that make it successful, conserving best practices that exist, and ensuring innovation investments are being well used while allowing employees the freedom to innovate. In a discussion paper written by Ceren Ozgen, Peter Nijkamp, and Jacques Poot, The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Innovation: Evidence from Dutch Firm-Level Data, they concluded that firms open to change nurture creativeness and are more prone to innovation. Businesses that develop this type of culture are more apt to implement new products and process innovations (17). Cultural diversity and plant-level productivity, a discussion paper written on the topic of diversity in the work place by Michaela Trax, Stephan Brunow, and JensShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organism ( Gmo )1267 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing used for planting is no longer expanding, unless new production innovation is created, the increase in demand for food will raise food prices and lead to food shortages. There seems to be only one solution to this problem at the moment and that is the implementation of Genetic Engineering, in other words, GMOs. A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic characteristics have been altered using biotechnology and GE (genetic engineering) to produce crops. The role GM foods shouldRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandel983 Words   |  4 Pagesdelved deeply into the ethics of biotechnology. At Harvard, Sandel has taught a course called Ethics, Biotechnology, and the Future of Human Nature and from 2002 to 2005 he served on the President’s Council on Bioethics (Harvard University Department of Government, 2013). In 2007, Sandel published his book, The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering, in which he explains unethical implications biotechnology has and may have in the near future regarding genetic engineeringRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Life1643 Words   |  7 Pagesin recent decades and getting much popular in our routines. 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Supporters of science believe that genetic engineering is a way of technological and scientific development and advancement. For instance, improvingRead MoreShould Gmos Be Considered Part Of A Sustainable Food System?1161 Words   |  5 Pagesare Genetically-Modified Foods? Genetically-Modified Foods, commonly known as GMOs, are crop plants that have been created for human and animal consumption by genetic engineering techniques of biotechnology. These crop plants have been modified in a lab to create a desired trait that has been undertaken through breeding methods. Lately, there has been major controversy and disputes on if GMOs are a solution or a problem in today’s society. Now, a question for debate is, should GMOs be considered partRead MoreFuture Marketing Concept1050 Words   |  5 Pagesout new ways to keep pace with the more demanding markets. Future marketing will lead by the big ideas and innovations. Consumer will become knowledgeable about the products and their rights. It will change the consumer behavior and their patterns of consumption. Thousands of researches are conducting by marketing researchers to predict future market and develop the new ways of marketing. In this assignment we tried to forecast the future marketing strategies and few ideas based on our perceptionRead MoreGB511C Strategic Resources Management: Final Exam Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesof the most important factors that will determine where firms locate is the quality of human capital. For a manufacturing company, the US is a good source of a well educated and competent labor force. In the US in the last 20 years, technological innovation has transformed the manufacturing work force, increasingly favoring higher-skilled individuals, many with post-secondary education. The traditional blue-collar and middle-skill manufacturing jobs, that are the traditional norm in the US, are accountingRead MoreThe Rights, Health And Safety1626 Words   |  7 Pages2.2 Rights, Health and Safety Before commencing of work term, a week of training is delivered for employee including Co-op technicians with the emphasis of work place safety and employee rights. Through different presentation and video, the urgency of personal protection equipment, health and safety issues are described during training and again throughout the Co-op term. The employees also received various training regarding work stress, food safety, and current issues of food and beverage productionRead MoreXenomouse Case Study Analysis1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfirm Biopart, equally sharing all future costs and profits. 3. Pursuing a â€Å"go-it-alone† strategy through the end of phase II trials, thus postponing the decision of whom, if any, to partner with. The first two alternatives were somewhat consistent with Abgenix’ past business model that yielded revenues in two ways: 1) by issuing exclusive licenses to use XenoMouse for drug development targeting specific diseases to leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and 2) by undertaking theRead MoreBiomedical Technology : The Future Of Medicine1659 Words   |  7 PagesBIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 1 Running Head: BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY Biomedical Technology: The Future of Medicine Tori Kocsis Richland High School BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2 Abstract This paper explores emerging technologies and innovations created by biomedical engineers to help improve the medical industry, despite even the worst critics beliefs. Target drugs specifically deliver medications to specific parts of the body to aid in tackling diseases

Informal Assessment Of Student 1 - 1105 Words

Overall, the informal assessment of Student 1 indicates that she lacks in the academic language vocabulary and grammar more than the social language functions. While she was able to converse with me during the interview part smoothly, she struggled with answering the questions after we had read the A-Z passage, and which required more complex language skills than the conversational ones. The assessment also indicates that she is a very bright student who was able to quickly grasp the new language, and who did very well with regards to the SOLOM assessment. It’s also evident that a strong foundation of the first language, and a passion for reading were significant factors facilitating learning of the new language. Student 2 Listening The†¦show more content†¦He said: â€Å"I know what it means but I don’t know how to explain it†. I also noticed that he occasionally inserts the words â€Å"You know† into the middle of the sentence, and also he uses the word â€Å"something† to substitute the word he does not know/remember. Student 2 speaks with an accent, however it is not as definite as in the Student 1’s speech. I scored his pronunciation at a level 4 out of 5 due to the occasional errors in pronunciation of short vowels, e.g. he substituted /a:/ with Polish /o/ in the word â€Å"stop†; he also said /dad/ when pronouncing â€Å"that†, and /oder/ while pronouncing the word â€Å"other†. Generally, his pronunciation is comprehensible, and does not require concentration on the part of the listener. Finally, Student 2 scored at a level 4 out of 5 on the grammar part of the oral assessment. He consistently uses appropriate tenses, plural, endings, compa risons of adjectives, and word order. He struggles with more sophisticated grammatical sentences, such as Past perfect, Reported Speech, II and III Conditional Sentences, e.g. â€Å"She thought she is going to ride a horse†, â€Å"Before she came to the ranch, she thought life on the ranch is going to be easy†, â€Å"I didn’t know English when I moved here. If I knew English, it would be easier†. The analysis of Student 2 running records, as well as a brief interview I conducted with him in English indicate his quick acquisition of the second language.Show MoreRelatedEducating Children On Literacy Skills869 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers in quality literacy instruction, informal reading assessments must be utilized to direct instructional planning. Results from these assessments allow teachers to know a student’s development, thus plan accordingly for instruction as stated by Dr.Bear (Laureate Production, Inc.2014a).Informal reading assessments als o guide teachers to understand a student’s frustration, instructional, and independent levels of learning. With many informal assessments to choose from, the following informationRead MoreInformal Assessments : Observation Of Everyday Performance1274 Words   |  6 Pages Informal assessments includes the observation of everyday performance. This is the method in which teachers collect information about their students’ performance in usual classroom conditions. Informal assessments are a part of the instructional process and can include â€Å"systematics observations, work sample analysis, task and error analysis, interviews and questionnaires’† (Sacks, 2011). It is done without establishing test conditions such as in the case of formal assessment. Teachers must be roleRead MoreShould Tests Be Taught At School?940 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of assessments in school is always creating controversy due to the fact that many people believe that quizzes a nd tests do not define a student’s learning. While I agree that tests should not be the only defining factor of a student’s grade, assessments can be a valuable tool in understanding what a student has learned. Personally, I struggle with assessments because I went to a Waldorf school, which is an institution that does not believe in test taking. I believe that there are pros andRead MoreAn Educational Crisis: The Need for Informal Assessment Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesStudents are falling through the cracks, being left behind, and are not being educated properly; these are statements we hear every day about our educational system. Attempts have been made to reform and overhaul the educational crisis. However, few have been successful. High expectations are being placed on students to perform well on standardized tests so â€Å"no child is left behind† and schools are not labeled as â€Å"failures.† This strict discipline of teaching to the test is only harming the qualityRead MoreDisadvantages Of Criterion Referenced Tests1479 Words   |  6 PagesA2. Disadvantages of Criterion-referenced tests: 1. According to Glossary of Education Reform, 2014, the tests are merely as accurate or fair as the learning standards upon which they are established. If the standards are loosely verbalized, too challenging or too easy for the learners being evaluated, the test scores will manifest the incorrect standards. An assessment administered in eleventh grade that reflects a level of comprehension and proficiency learners should have learned in eighth gradeRead MoreThe First Step Of Identifying English Language Learners993 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Language Learners (ELL) is the give them an assessment. In my district, the student are given WIDA / W-APT assessment. W-APT is known as the WIDA-ACCESS Placement Test. This is an English language proficiency test that students take to identify them as English Language Learners. This test helps educators with placement decisions for English Language Learners. The test is divided into different groupings based on the grade level of the student being accessed. It addresses each area of the fourRead MoreEssay about Integrating Science and Math Into The Classroom 1383 Words   |  6 Pagesscience processes can be use in the lesson. In addition, we will examine how the use of differentiation can be use in this unit to address the needs of all the students. This paper will also address how assessments promote student learning. Finally this paper will show how the use of reflection thinking, manipulative and materials helps students develop a sense of science and fractions. The 12 Science Processes This unit on the apple life cycle includes the use of the 12 science processes in theRead MoreChildren s Range Of Vocabulary Development1085 Words   |  5 Pagessounds, words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs) essential for children to use during the learning segment. [Students already know key math vocabulary terms such as true math statements, say-ten way, and place values. These terms are crucial for students to continue in expanding their academic vocabulary terms for this math topic. During the learning segments for this topic, students will learn and apply different key vocabulary terms. These terms include words such as quantities, greater, lessRead MoreIdentifying Signs Of A Language And Communication1490 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Students were observed in a classroom setting for the purpose of identifying signs of a language and communication disorder. Speech, reading and writing skills were examined to identify areas of atypical development and to determine the appropriate formal assessment needed to further evaluate the student exhibiting a language deficit. A correlation between problems with expressive oral and written language was noted on observation. Possible intervention strategies are discussed to helpRead MoreEvaluation Of The Elementary English Language Learners And Special Education1738 Words   |  7 Pages Assessments are important tools that educators use for a variety of reasons. The basic use of assessments is for measuring the student’s knowledge. For English Language Learners and special education students, assessments are generally used for placement. Using the results from the evaluations, educators use their findings to place the students in the most beneficial class for them. As more ELL students enter the classroom as well as other diverse scholars, the importance of having knowledge of

Negative Sites on Abortion, Helping Make a Dignified Choice Free Essays

Every year in the United States, 25% of pregnancies are ended in abortion. This number may seem quite high, but it is actually on the decline and is much lower than several other countries. These numbers are extremely high for one main reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Sites on Abortion, Helping Make a Dignified Choice or any similar topic only for you Order Now That reason is a lack of education. When young women become pregnant they feel the only alternative to having the baby is abortion. This is wrong and that is why we must educate the public to bring the abortion numbers down. The abortion issue has two sides. Pro-lifers believe that a human life is created at conception. Pro-choicers believe life begins at birth. Both groups have the common goal of minimizing the number of abortions, but have different ways of accomplishing that. For example, pro-lifers believe abortion should be illegal, while pro-choicers believe that it is the woman†s body as well as her choice. The other main differences lie in the definitions of several key terms. For example take the word pregnancy. Pro-lifers believe pregnancy starts at conception, while pro-choices believe it starts at the time of birth. To bring down the abortion rate, we need to focus on the factors causing the problems (Baird). I believe the main factor is a lack of education. If we started to educate children earlier about pregnancy, we would see a drop in the number of pregnancies and abortions. While this technique may be long and expensive, it is the best remedy for the long run. There are several ways we can implement this technique. We could develop a program similar to D. A. R. E. , in which it is demanded for students to take classes. D. A. R. E. , which stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education, has been especially successful. The purpose of the program is to inform children that popularity can be found in positive and nonviolent behavior. The program also helps children feel a sense of belonging that stresses their values. D. A. R. E teaches children valuable lessons concerning drugs and alcohol abuse. The program helps the children to lead better, fuller, and more satisfying lives. Research done by the D. A. R. E. program showed that for every $1 spent on drug abuse prevention, communities can save $4 to $5 in costs for drug abuse treatment and counseling. It was also found that in the past two years, drug abuse has either stayed the same or declined. The program has seen this type of success since it started in 1983 (D. A. R. E. ). I believe a class like this concerning abortion and pregnancy would have similar success. The class would inform the children on the purposes of sex and pregnancy. It would teach them the importance of sex and why you should wait for the right person. This would directly tie into abortion portion of the class. The class would tell why abortion is wrong and what alternatives there are to abortion. They would learn how contraceptive methods such as condoms are used to prevent pregnancy, while abortifacient techniques are used to end a pregnancy that has already begun (Prolife. rg). Some other common forms of birth control the students would learn about are diaphragms, cervical caps, contraceptive pills, and emergency contraception pills or â€Å"the morning after pill. † There are some other alternatives to education. One of them is making abortion illegal, but at this stage it is impossible. As the public continues to become more educated, the abortion rate will go down as will the opinion of abortion. At this stage there may be a possibility of making abortion illegal. But until we get to this stage, making abortion illegal is not an option. There is hope though, because the public’s opinion of abortion has been changing. A CNN Poll in 1998 showed that only 31% of men and 32% of women were advocates of abortion. A similar poll was taken in 1980, which showed that 52% of the population believed in some form of abortion. Other than education, making it illegal would be the main goal. Obviously abortions would still happen, but now the number of pregnancies each year would dip under five percent. I also believe that more pregnancy clinics are needed. Pregnancy clinics help to spread the word to the public concerning pregnancy. I believe simple things like free condoms are a start to remedy the problem (Religioustolerance. org). As mentioned earlier, education is the best way of dealing with the abortion rate. Education at a younger age helps to control pregnancy and it informs involved parties of the alternatives they have. Not only would the abortion rate and pregnancy rate drop, but so would the number of sexually transmitted diseases. Although every woman has the right to abortion, I believe that many women would change their decision if they knew of the alternatives. How to cite Negative Sites on Abortion, Helping Make a Dignified Choice, Papers

Tort Law in Australia Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Tort Law in Australian Business. Answer: A tort may be defined as a civil wrong that is committed by one individual against another. There is no specific legislation or a statute that defines the term as it has evolved mainly through common law or judge made laws. Tort law in Australia is heavily influenced by the common law of other countries such as the United Kingdom owing to the colonial heritage of Australia. However, there have been modifications in the tort law with the enactment of the statute Civil Liability Acts in several Australian states. Some of the common torts in Australian Law includes negligence, trespass, misrepresentation, breach of statutory and public duties, interference with employment and family relations, intentional damage to economic interests, private nuisance, defamation, etc (Leon 2015). The torts applicable in business situations are known as economic torts. Economic or business torts are wrongful acts that are committed against the business entities. Such wrongful acts are often committed deliberately and sometimes they result from recklessness or negligence, which causes some kind of pecuniary loss to the aggrieved party. Although these torts are not criminal offenses but some acts may amount to criminal offences as well such as restraint of trade (Little et al. 2014). The wrongful acts that leads to financial loss in business as a result of intentional negligent acts, the aggrieved party or the business is entitled to bring a civil compensation in the civil court and seek monetary compensation or obtain an injunction order with a view to prohibit the defendant from committing such unlawful activities. The most common form of torts that is applicable in business situations includes the tort of negligence and the tort of misrepresentation. Negligence may be defined as the failure of an individual to exercise duty of care towards a person he owed such duty. The principle that an individual owes a duty of care to his neighbor has been established in the Donoghue v Stevensons case. The term neighbor refers to the person who would be affected by the acts or omissions of the person committing such acts or omission. The risk of harm that would result from the action or omission of the person must be reasonably foreseeable and the person must take reasonable steps to avert such risk. In order to establish a claim against a person for negligence, the aggrieved must establish the essential elements of the tort of negligence. The aggrieved party must establish that the defendant owed a duty of care and has caused a breach of that duty. The plaintiff has suffered damages and sustained injuries as a result of such breach. The damage caused must be the direct result of the consequence of such breach as was held in Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428. Further, it is imperative to establish for the aggrieved party that the loss resulted was the consequence of breach and the risk was reasonably foreseeable. Any reasonable person could have foresee the risk if he was in the position of the defendant, under same circumstances. This principle was introduced in the case Wagon Mound No 1 [1969] AC 388, where the court ruled that if the defendant were liable for the loss that was foreseeable, he would be completely liable for the loss. An instance of tort of negligence in business situations may be exemplified in a case Oyston v St Patrickss College [2011] NSWSC 269, where a student won a negligence case against his school where the school failed to exercise its duty of care. Jazmine Oyston brought a legal action against her former high school, St. Patricks College, in New South Wales, on the ground of negligence. Jazmine alleged that she was injured at the time of enrolment and was subject to harassment, bullying which caused her to suffer from panic attacks, depression, and anxiety. She alleged that the policies and practices of the school failed to safeguard her from the foreseeable and recognized harm. The court held that the risk of harm was foreseeable and the school had foreseen the same that the students were often bullied and harassed by some of the pupils in the school. The court laid emphasis on the fact whether the school policies or other reasonable steps taken by the school as sufficient to ensure that the school has fulfilled its duty of care that it owed to Oyston. In this scenario, the court stated that the school was have failed to exercise its duty of care as despite the implementation of the policies of the school related to bullying, the school has failed to take reasonable steps to safeguard Oyston from being subject to bullying or harassment when the school was aware of the problem. The policies were inadequate and consequently, Oyston sustained injuries (Stickley 2016). The judge further stated that any reasonable person would have initiated investigation of the complaints made by Jasmine and would have arranged for strict monitoring of the actions of the pupils. In terms of causation, the judge held that the injuries sustained by Oyston in the form of psychological injury, is the direct result of the failure of the College to take reasonable steps to prevent Oyston from being injured due to such bullying or harassment. The court has awarded damages to Oyston. In this present scenario, it can be observed that the plaintiff, Oyston, had established that the college owed a duty of care to her, it had failed to exercise such duty of care, and such breach has directly caused her damages. The college failed to take reasonable steps to prevent such risk when it was reasonably foreseeable by the college. The torts of misrepresentation refer to the false statement of law or fact that induces a representee to enter into an agreement. A statement that is made during negotiations is classified as representation and when the statement turns out to be false, it is classified as misrepresentation. In case, any contractual term turns out to be a misrepresentation, the contract becomes voidable which implies that the representee is entitled to set aside or rescind the contract (Sandeen 2015). In order to establish a claim of the misrepresentation, the aggrieved party must establish the essential elements of misrepresentation. One of the significant element of misrepresentation is false statement with respect to any fact or law as oppose to opinion or estimate of future events. This element was considered as an essential element in Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801. If the person making false statement is aware of the fact that the statements are false, he shall be held liable for committi ng misrepresentation as was observed in Smith v Land House Property Corp [1884] 28 Ch D 7. The other essential element of misrepresentation is that the aggrieved party has relied on the false statement made by the representator and have entered into the contract. If the aggrieved party has not relied on the false statements made by the representator, or was not induced to enter into a contract, he shall not be entitled to bring a claim of misrepresentation (North and Flitcroft 2016). There are three types of misrepresentation, which includes fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misstatement, and innocent misrepresentation. An instance of misrepresentation from recent business scenario can be observed in the Joystick Company Pty Ltd where the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has initiated legal proceedings against the Joystick Company in the Federal Court on the ground that the company has been engaged in misrepresentation of products. The company has been alleged for making false statements to its customers that the products of the company do not contain any formaldehyde or toxins. The commissioned tests conducted against the company reveal that the tested e-cigarette product of the company contains toxic chemicals including acrolein, acetaldehyde that is carcinogenic to humans. The court held that the director of the joystick company is aware of the fact that the products of his company contains toxic chemicals that is injurious to the human health and still the company makes false statements to induce the consumers purchase their products (Corones 2014). In Australia, the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 was introduced to safeguard the rights of the consumers with respect to the conduct of the seller in relation to trade and commerce. The statute prohibits individuals, businesses form engaging into any unfair practices under section 18 of schedule 2 of the Act that deals with Australian Consumer Law that involves misleading or deceptive conduct, unconscionable conduct, unfair terms, false, or misleading representations, bait advertising, referral selling, misleading the public etc. The schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, stipulates consumer guarantees to the consumers, which must be complied with the persons or businesses providing such goods or services. The consumers of the businesses are entitled to receive goods or services of appropriate quality and the statements made by the persons or businesses with respect to the quality, condition, value and price must match while the goods are delivered and services are r endered to the customers. The businesses in Australia are prohibited from making any false statements that are likely to mislead or induce the customers to enter into the contract. The other forms of torts other than negligence or misrepresentation that are applicable in business situations include restraint of trade, fraudulent misrepresentation, defamation, breach of statutory duties and intentional damage to economic interests (Howells and Weatheril 2017). The businesses must not make false statements knowing it to be false without believing that such statement is true. It must ensure that the businesses do not be recklessly careless about the fact whether such statement is true or false. The persons carrying out the business must not make any statement for which they have no reasonable grounds to believe that such statement is true. The torts of negligence and the torts of misrepresentation are the most common torts that take place in the corporate world. For instance, in a business situation, within the premises of the retailer, the retailer must ensure that it does not engage in any conduct that would engage any unfair practices (Latimer 2016). The retailer must ensure that he does not make any false statement regarding the quality, value, price, condition or nature of the goods and services rendered to the customers to prevent any act of misrepresentation. In regards to the tort of negligence, the businesses must ensure the safety of the goods and services and that such goods or services does not cause any harm to the customers, as the businesses owe a duty of care towards its customers. If the risk that may arise from the goods or the services is foreseeable, reasonable steps should be taken to avoid such risks and prevent the customers. In case of any claim made by the clients against the actions of the businesses, the businesses must establish that it had complied with the consumer guarantees stipulated by the Australian Consumer Law (Pearson 2017). Further, the Businesses must establish that it has disclosed all relevant information related to the goods or services, thus, ensuring safety of the customers. The statutory authority such as the Australian Consumer law, ensures that the businesses does not engage in any unfair practices which causes significant imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract and that it does not results in the detrimental of the consumers (Brody and Temple 2016). In case of any unfair practices, the aggrieved party shall be entitled to refund or repair of the goods or compensate the aggrieved party for the loss suffered or injuries sustained by the aggrieved party. It is evident from the scenarios above; it is evident that any person who owes a duty of care must take reasonable steps to prevent any risk that may arise from the acts or omissions of the person exercising such duty of care especially when such risks are reasonably foreseeable. Another instance like that of Joysticks company, Uber brings a legal claim against mobile ad agency Fetch Media for making misrepresentations with respect to the mobile ads and have failed to prevent the advertising of such fraudulent ads thus, the company becomes liable for committing negligence and misrepresentation. These instances are evident of the fact that the business or Economic torts that arises out of business transactions are likely responsible for interfering with the business relationship and not only results in financial loss but affects the reputation and goodwill of the business as well. References Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428. Brody, G. and Temple, K., 2016. Unfair but not illegal: Are Australia's consumer protection laws allowing predatory businesses to flourish?.Alternative Law Journal,41(3), pp.169-173. Competition and Consumer Act 2010 schedule 2 Corones, S.G., 2014.Competition law in Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited. Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801. Howells, G. and Weatherill, S., 2017.Consumer protection law. Routledge. Latimer, P., 2016. Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons. Leon, J.J., 2015. Negligence-Torts-Negligent Misrepresentation-Downfall of Privity-Hanberry v. Hearst Corp., 81 Cal. Rptr. 519 (1969).DePaul Law Review,19(4), p.803. Little, J.W., Lidsky, L.B., O'Connell, S.C. and Lande, R.H., 2014.Torts: Theory and Practice. LexisNexis. North, J. and Flitcroft, R., 2016. Businesses beware When does the Australian Consumer Law apply?.Governance Directions,68(5), p.306. Oyston v St Patrickss College [2011] NSWSC 269, Pearson, G., 2017. Current Issues for Consumer Protection Law in Australia. InConsumer Law and Socioeconomic Development(pp. 199-208). Springer, Cham. Sandeen, S., 2015. LAW9151-W. Torts: The Common Law Process. F15. Sandeen, Sharon. Smith v Land House Property Corp [1884] 28 Ch D 7. Stickley, A.P., 2016.Australian Torts Law. LexisNexis Butterworths. Wagon Mound No 1 [1969] AC 388,

Stem Cell Research An issue in American Culture Essay Example

Stem Cell Research: An issue in American Culture Essay In 2004, following the death of former United States President Ronald Reagan from the degenerative Alzheimer’s disease, a campaign led by Nancy Reagan and her family was launched to persuade President Bush to alleviate the US government-imposed restrictions on stem cell research. While other countries such as Britain, Japan and Korea have embarked on, and are now engaged in stem cell research, harvesting of stem cells from embryos remains to be a debatable issue in the United States. The future of stem cell research in the American culture remains to be uncertain in that several sides and concerns are being considered foremost of which is the moral issue on the research.   Supporters of the research spearheaded by member of the scientific community and others, like the Reagan family, see the research as a means of finding ways to treat and cure human diseases. Religious groups, on the other hand, like the Roman Catholic Church and several other conservative protestant church es belong to the other side of the debate as they see stem cell research as a means of exploiting helpless lives of human embryos.What are Stem Cells?Stem cells are unspecialized type of human or animal cells that can produce mature specialized body cells such as blood cells, heart cells and brain cells, and at the same time replicate themselves (Stem Cells, 2004). Stem cells can repair or replace damaged body tissues because stem cells are less likely than other foreign cells to be rejected by the immune system when implanted in the body (Stem Cells, 2004). They are primarily categorized into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.Embryonic stem cells can be extracted from a blastocyst or a very young embryo, about four to five days old and comprised of 200 to 250 cells. Embryonic cells can develop to into any of the 220 cell types of the human body given the necessary stimuli. Otherwise, these embryonic cells continue to divide and the new cells retain the ability to develop in to any mature cell type.The abilities to replicate itself and to develop into any mature cell type make the embryonic cell a potential cure to a number of diseases and injuries.Adult stem cells can be extracted from the tissues of both adult and children without inflicting harm or death to the subject. Adult stem cells function to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues (Stem Cells, 2004).   Most researchers, however, agree that there are limited uses of adult stem cells such that unlike embryonic stem cells that can develop into any of the 220 types of cells, adult stem cells can only be used to produce some of these 220 human cells.Potentials of the Stem CellMedical researchers are interested in studying and pursuing their research on stem cell because of its potential to help improve human health including that of around 128 million Americans suffering from various diseases. While most of the studies are preliminary and privately funded, scientists believe stem cel ls have the potential to treat Alzheimers and Parkinsons diseases, spinal cord injuries, heart disease, and multiple sclerosis (Stevens, 2003). Medical researchers also view stem cells as a potential in creating entire new organs for transplant and they can potentially repair or replace damaged tissues because they are less likely to be rejected by the immune system when implanted in the human body. Stem cells can also help diabetic patients and those whose hearts were damaged by a heart attack (Stevens, 2003).The ControversyControversy in stem cell research was commenced by studies conducted by James A. Thomson and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin who isolated the first human embryonic stem cells from human embryos. The findings of the study was published in the journal Science where Thomson and his group reported that they have created self- perpetuating colonies in culture by harvesting embryonic stem cells from leftover embryos (Hall, 2006).While Thomson’s fi ndings were viewed by the scientific community as a breakthrough because of the embryonic cells’ medical potentials, controversy also surfaced because of bio- ethical and moral issues on destroying human embryos to start embryonic cell cultures. It also appears to violate the Dickey amendment signed by President Bill Clinton in 1995 which declares as illegal the use of federal money to fund stem cell researches that destroy human embryos. Thus, Thomson’s experiment commenced a controversy that has become an object of a political and moral debate. On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the National Institutes of Health could issue federal research grants only for embryonic stem cell lines that had been created by that date. In July 19, 2006, President George W. Bush vetoed the stem cell research bill passed by the Senate and the House which aimed to increase the current number of existing stem cell lines. The debate on stem cell research therefore co ntinues because President Bush’s decisions have had efforts to meet halfway both of the demands and views of the supporters and opponents of stem cell research.The IssueThe use and extraction of adult stem cells in research do not pose much controversy because harvesting them does not harm cause harm to the subject.   The use of embryonic stem cells, however, has sparked controversies and debates, and became the primary issue in stem cell research. This is largely due to the technique used in creating them. At present, there are two methods of developing embryonic cell lines that will be used for research: isolation of stem cells directly from an embryo, which necessitates the destruction of the embryo where the stem cells are harvested; and cell nuclear transfer, also known as embryo-cloning (Stevens, 2003). Cloning, the second method employed to develop embryonic stem cells is in itself already a controversial issue.Scientists and researchers, however, prefer using embryo nic stem cells than adult stem cells because the latter is less versatile and have limited uses than embryonic stem cells. President Bush’s decision in 2001 that federal funds can be issued to fund stem cell research provided only the embryonic cell lines that were already created by that date has posed limitations on the research. This mandate restricted researchers to use the then existing 72 lines of stem cells but by May 2003, most of these lines had become useless and by mid 2006, only 22 remained and many of them were of limited usefulness because of DNA damage (Robinson 2006). Nevertheless, President Bush’s decision neither made pro-lifers happy such that the National Conference of Catholic Bishops called the President’s decision as â€Å"morally unacceptable (Brookhiser, 2003).Considering the potentials of stem cell research in medical breakthroughs and the limitations of the remaining stem cell lines, the senate and the congress approved the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act earlier in 2006. The bill was, however,   vetoed by President Bush   in July 19, 2006 contending that â€Å"the bill would support the taking of innocent human life in the hope of finding medical benefits for others†, and that it crosses a moral boundary that our decent society needs to respect† (Babington, 2006). The debate on stem cell research therefore continues with supporters led by medical researchers and policy makers; and opponents led by the Roman Catholic Church, several conservative protestant churches and pro- life groups.The Supporter’s ViewsCelebrities such as Nancy Reagan, Michael J. Fox, and the late Christopher Reeve, supported and campaigned for stem cell research because of the potential of the embryonic stem cells to treat many diseases and injuries. Some of theses diseases are cancer, diabetes, cancer,   heart disease and Alzheimers which are deadly and sometimes incurable; debilitating and often fatal autoimmu ne disorders like lupus, multiple sclerosis, and Crohns disease; and such others as are kidney disease, Parkinsons, spinal paralysis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrigs disease), and severe burns (Herold, 2003). It is contended by researchers that the potentials of stem cells may eradicate almost all cell based diseases. Stem cells can also give solution to age related diseases and can even alter the process of aging. According to Herold (2003), â€Å"when stem cell treatments become available to Americans, they could end up extending peoples life spans well beyond anything one could have dreamed possible a mere 10 years ago†.Aside from these, Herold relates that researchers believe that stem cell research will advance man’s knowledge on human biology in that it will enable scientists to understand what is going on in cells during, and after development which will have tremendous impact in the way genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, an d muscular dystrophy are treated and cured. Moreover, by observing what goes wrong at the very earliest stage of cell development through stem cell research, scientists will be able to get a genetic blueprint of a host of diseases and birth defects, then design interventions to cure them (Herold, 2003).As for the use of embryos used in stem cell research, supporters justify that these are surplus embryos that are taken with consent from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. Surplus embryos from IVF clinics, according to supporters, are either frozen, or unpreserved. Some of frozen embryos, however,   die during the freezing or thawing process or because of equipment malfunction; and only a few survived and are adopted because of certain issues such as couples that produced these embryos do not want unrelated persons to raise their biological child. Unpreserved embryos ultimately die and clinics simply discard them. These surplus embryos in IVF Clinics now numbering to 400,000 in t he United States alone may either be thrown away or preferably, for researchers and supporter of stem cell research, used for further experiments and studies (Robinson, 2006). Supporters therefore contend that that instead of being discarded for nothing, it would be best to utilize these embryos as using them to learn more about human cells may lead to medical knowledge that can cure and even save the lives of millions of sick people worldwide.Opposition to stem cell research mainly comes from pro-lifers, conservative religious groups which includes the Roman Catholic Church and several other protestant churches. Most of those who oppose legal abortion in the United States also oppose stem cell research because both involves destroying what they claim as human life in its early stage of development. The opposition argues that deriving stem cell culture entails killing human embryos and as such, scientists and researchers who use them become guilty of murder. In the eyes of the oppos ition, all stem cell research, though legal, is illicit and immoral according to Sacred Scripture (Spees, 2002, p. 11). Heinrich Bedford-Strohm (2002), a minister and member of the World Council of Churches working group on bio-ethics contends that the reason why most Christian churches oppose research with embryos is because they â€Å"see the dignity of the human person violated when embryos are sacrificed for reasons outside themselves, as good as those reasons might be†.The techniques used in embryonic stem cell research, for them, are in conflict with ethical norms, because these techniques use early human life as a means to achieve an external end (Bedford-Strohm 2002). Similar with an issue in abortion, questions on the beginning of life have also surfaced in the stem cell research debate. Religious groups opposing stem cell research have cited several verses in the Bible in support of their claim that destroying human embryos for research is in contrast with teachings and values in the Bible. One of these verses is in the Book of Psalms 139:13 where the psalmist said: â€Å"For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mothers womb† (Psalms 139:13 New International Version).   For the opposition, God himself has created and given importance to life even in its early stage. It therefore follows that destroying this life, in the form of embryonic stem cell testing, is disrespect to God.Another issue raised by the opposition is with regards to the technique employed in stem cell research called cell nuclear transfer, also known as embryo-cloning. This is for reason that cloning, for conservative Christian groups, is a babylonic attempt to being equal with God, the ultimate Creator of life and all things on Earth. For them, man has no right to be like God by â€Å"creating† new life through cloning technology.ConclusionControversy in stem cell research emerged because medical researchers prefer using embryonic stem cell s over adult stem cell because of their versatility and many uses, and which entails destroying the embryos where these stem cells come from. Supporters of stem cell research, mostly scientists and researchers, and those who are inflicted with diseases that are deadly and remain incurable contend that the research is necessary to treat and even save those who are dying from incurable diseases and to advance man’s medical knowledge. Those who oppose the research, however, contend that the process employed in gathering stem cells for research constitutes murder because it entails destroying the embryos, and that it is a way of destroying life that God has given. They also see the technique of cell nuclear transfer employed in stem cell research as another babylonic attempt of man to be like God. These moral and religious contentions and the status quo of stem cell research in the American culture explain why the future of the research remains uncertain in the United States.

How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Example

How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Example How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay How does susan hill present Arthur Kipps Essay Jamaica It Is a little disconcerting , the laid back attitude of the hire car companies employees as we assumed a half assured Job. The first road sign we see when departing the airport Is keep left, obviously put out by the hire car company. So of course, we are driving on the left side of the road as we wheel Into the first roundabout, horns honking and Mum muttering. I tighten my settable for our rather frightening drive to Beeches Angrier Resort on the Islands west shore. Jamaican seem to drive either way too slow or much too fast. And, with one middle-passing lane shared by vehicles driving either direction, drivers seemingly enjoy playing a nervy game of who was the ballets. We do arrive safely at our all-inclusive resort and, after the drive. The cheery. Personable valet also bumps fists with me, offers the phrase Respect Moon, and hands me a fancy tropical fruit drink.. We sip our drinks, now fully relaxed on a comfy sofa in the breeze-filled Colonial-style parlor. Some more elided back employees then take away our bags and takes to our room. I have to say however that the employees ay be laid back but they must be efficient as there was no problem Moon and no worries, leaving us with no complaints. The island of Jamaica is the very essence of cool, . Lets the perfect sun destination for the family, and birth place of Bob Marled . The locals are inviting, contagiously funny, laid back, naturally warm, friendly and themselves content with what they have, even when they are trying to sell you carved mahogany trinkets or, on one occasion when we took stroll off resort property, a little bit of Marijuana. To keep busy, the resort allows for outdoor games of shuffle board, basketball or Crazy golf and offers indoor pool tables and a games room, Billiards In the pool, gliding down watersides or bellying up to a poolside bar for a cocktail are enjoyable pastimes. Guests can also scuba dive and explore the vast biodiversity of life as it Is Included In the price of your stay, so you may as well make the most of It. The guides are again laid back but only because they make the situation comfortable for themselves. For example strapping a tank to my back , comfort you with the words youll be k Moon and throwing me In. If you Like heights, a circus troupe oversees trapeze lessons, or you can clamber up the rock-climbing wall. The food. Once you ignored that the resort was mostly full of Americans. Who piled cheese and syrup on there bacon at breakfast, was amazing. Ribs, Fish, Pizza anything you dreamed of the chef would make, and to show our gratitude we passed him a hefty tip under the hotels no tip policy. Will have left feeling it was money well spent.

Chinese Contemporary Art Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Chinese Contemporary Art Museum - Essay Example Noting that the museum has a huge number of Chinese imperial art, this fund is indented to fund the national level museum art that is dedicated to collecting, displaying, and the research of the contemporary and modern China artistic works. Certainly, the fund shall be the key building element of the four stories of the Museum including the areas of a display (Falk 12). Generally, the fund will take care of twenty-one exhibition halls in the museum. These collections are divided into various categories. This includes the Chinese traditional painting, print, oil painting, sculpture, caricature, new year painting, lacquer, traditional story picture, costumes, and pottery. It is worth noting that this category is expected to perform better, as well as improve the performance of the museum. Extensively, the funding provides an opportunity for the museum to increase the level of art and design in China. Unlike others, this category of funding is focused on boosting not only research and outreach in China but also the sector of education. This implies that through this funding, the collections in the museum shall be of great importance to researchers serving as an academic source for varied purposes. These collections have been known for displaying certain species at a certain time and place (Harris 14). Through it researchers shall have an opportunity to examine the temporal and geographical changes in populations, communities and species, thus tracking the patterns relative to human-induced or natural changes (Harris 16). This category of funding is the best since it will enable the specimens of the museum to establish the research basis for the evolution of the research, distribution, and speciation. This will give vital baselines for studying emerging diseases, conversations and artworks. Different specimens are linked to data thus giving out information regarding life history, and natural traits of animals.  

Start up of Replacement Ink Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Start up of Replacement Ink - Assignment Example The concept of CRM is very closely related to the relationship marketing. It suggests that maintaining and fostering personalised relationships, in the context of business to consumer sales, can definitely lead to profit if it is combined by a mutual exchange of benefits and fulfilment of promises on the part of both the parties i.e., buyers and sellers. CRM therefore involves managing customer information in a way that can lead the organisation to satisfy its customers in a better manner. A new business of replacement inkjet cartridges, in the same vein, needs to employ effective customer relationship management programs such as customer surveys, service evaluations, pre-sale and after sale inquiries on a database driven system so as to foster the relationship with its customers and stimulate customer loyalty. Loyalty is regarded as an important aspect of relationship management. Crosby (2002, p273) expounds that, â€Å"loyalty refers to a strong emotional attachment to a firm that is manifest in customer behaviours like staying with the company, recommending it, buying additional products and services and so forth†. At the crux of customer relationship management is the concept of customer loyalty. CRM programs are basically designed to keep the customers loyal to the organisation. The customers display their loyalty mainly by coming to the company every time the same product is needed or recommending the product to the others. However, this report focuses on the criticism of relationship.... A new business of replacement inkjet cartridges, in the same vein, needs to employ effective customer relationship management programs such as customer surveys, service evaluations, pre-sale and after sale inquiries on a database driven system so as to foster the relationship with its customers and stimulate customer loyalty. Loyalty is regarded as an important aspect of relationship management. Crosby (2002, p273) expounds that, "loyalty refers to a strong emotional attachment to a firm that is manifest in customer behaviours like staying with the company, recommending it, buying additional products and services and so forth". At the crux of customer relationship management is the concept of customer loyalty. CRM programs are basically designed to keep the customers loyal to the organisation. The customers display their loyalty mainly by coming to the company every time the same product is needed or recommending the product to the others. CRM programs can be initiated to enhance relationships at both ends i.e., the suppliers as well as the customers. However, this report focuses on the criticism of relationship building in case of business to consumer sales. Criticism Of Customer Relationship Management In The Context Of Business to Consumer Sales: Despite the fact that there happen to be several benefits attributable to the implementation of customer relationship management, several criticisms have been levied against this concept in the context of business-to-consumer sales. In a consumer market scenario, the customer relationship management is not considered to result into enhanced customer relationship. A study of literature [for example, Mishra et al. (1998), Gronroos (1994), Bagozzi (1995), Tax et al.

Five ways ethics have influenced organizational culture Term Paper

Five ways ethics have influenced organizational culture - Term Paper Example Definitely, the moral -rights view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Evidently, the employee can now resign from the organization if her request that she not report for work on Saturdays will not be granted. Ethical behavior can be defined as the the behavior that is morally good or right. This is the exact opposite of the bad or wrong behavior. Some ethical questions include: Is ti ethical to withhold information that might discourage a job candidate from joining your organization?, is it ethical to ask someone to take a job you know will not be good his or her career progress?. The list of ethical questions goes on. The bottom line here is that the American public is increasingly demanding that government office organizations, organizational managers, organizational workers, as well as the organizations they represent all act in accordance with high ethical and moral standards. And, â€Å"a clear picture of the ethical similarities and differences between women and men still eludes us here as well†(Ambrose & Schminke, 1999, p. 454). The following paragraphs will clearly explain five was ethics have influenced organizational culture. There are many ways that ethics have influenced organizational culture. First, the utilitarian view is one way of influencing organizational culture. Second, the individualism view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Third, the moral -rights view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Fourth, the procedural justice view is another way of influencing organizational culture. Lastly, the distributive justice view is another way of influencing organizational culture. First, the utilitarian view is one way of influencing organizational culture. This view states that an organization and the members of such organizations are inclined to thinking of the greater good when they decide to choose one of several alternative

Refugees and Social Integration in Winnipeg

Refugees and Social Integration in Winnipeg This paper will examine refugees and social integration in Winnipeg and attempt to answer the questions posed in the syllabus. The status of refugees is significant in Winnipeg as the province of Manitoba admits more than 1000 refugees per year[1], the majority of who settle in Winnipeg. Refugees arrive in Winnipeg often with very little and are desperate to be able to integrate successfully, however this can be difficult to achieve. These new arrivals impact the city in that they are dependent on social services which in turn cost the government money. In addition due to lack of available funds upon arrival refugees often have to live in high poverty areas[2], centered on the downtown which leads to social issues that can be difficult for refugees to live with. In these circumstances making valuable social connections can be hard, often cultural differences make it challenging for new arrivals to make connections with the community, or neighbours. Poverty rates remain high for refugees living in Winnipeg and over time this has a detrimental effect not only on the lives of the refugees themselves but of the community at large as high poverty areas become a burden on the social services and typically have high rates of crime[3]. The number of refugees seeking entry to Canada has been steady increasing since 2000, this apparently in line with growing conflicts across Africa and the Middle East. Around these regions the nature of conflicts has been changing from nations fighting each other to civil conflicts within a nation, which tend to go on for much longer than tradition conflicts. In countries such as Syria, Iraq and Somalia ongoing civil war and terrorist insurgency has had a devastating effect on the civilian populations. People are often targeted for perceived allegiances to one side or the other and are persecuted for it, the level of destruction surrounding civilian populations is high and as a result many people become displaced, people who in turn become refugees seeking asylum abroad. These people often have to leave their homes quickly and with very little in terms of monetary value for fear of their lives. Understandably these people look abroad for support where they might be free from the fear and oppression that they would suffer if they returned to their home countries. As the conflicts in these regions continue more and more people will seek a better opportunity to live abroad, and Canada is a desired destination. With the increase in asylum seekers more people are seeking entry to Canada under refugee status, this impacts Winnipeg as more new arrivals will be refugees and unlike landed immigrants these people often will require significant assistance with social integration [4]among other things. The city of Winnipeg and how many refugees we admit per year has a direct impact on the people living in destitute conditions, be it in overcrowded housing on UN tent camps. Their standard of living increases dramatically being able to live here, and despite initial challenges in getting situated the chance to live here is something sought after by many around the world. The status of refugees in Winnipeg admittedly affects me very little. Personally I cannot say that I know anyone who is a refugee or even any friends that know one. However despite not personally being impacted by refugees I can see the effects of the city as a whole. While sympathetic towards the difficulties these people have faced I am also aware of the burden that is placed on social services and private individuals and institutions to support refugees, support which regular immigrants would under most circumstances not need. It is also good to keep in mind that Canada is running a deficit and any increase in social spending does nothing to help with that. People I know have also been impacted as refugees predominantly work in the service and labour sectors and hold relatively high employment around 80%[5], this could be a factor into why people around my age have difficulty finding employment at traditionally entry level jobs, such as retail, food industry etc. As for how I impa ct the social integration of refugees in the city I would have to say not at all, as I don’t know any refugees and I am not in any position to impact their lives. Personal bias aside as far as a critical assessment goes, I would begin with saying that refugees face incredible challenges both in leaving their home countries and establishing themselves in Canada. Refugees arriving in Winnipeg often have very little money, and low prospects of a good paying job and face difficulty in dealing with the trauma that they may have experienced due to war or persecution of some kind in their country of origin[6]. Due to how refugees are dispersed across Canada new arrivals often find themselves isolated and without anyone of their own cultural background to associate with, I can imagine how difficult this might be, for instance if there were to hypothetically be a civil war break out in Canada and myself and family were forced to relocate to somewhere like Nairobi or Istanbul I could see how difficult it would be to fit into society. The same can be said about refugees from Africa and the Mid-East many of whom don’t even speak English which is es sential to living in Canada. As well once a refugee does arrive things often aren’t as great as they had been led to believe, in the case of Winnipeg most refugees in recent times are from visible minorities and often have to live in poverty stricken neighbourhoods around the downtown core area[7]. I have found that once a refugee has been successfully settled in Winnipeg the majority of assistance they had received goes away and considers the job done. While I can see how it would be costly to maintain direct support for all of the refugee families admitted it is clear that many struggle with a number of issues after social services move on to the next family. The theoretical lens which I have viewed this in is the Liberal approach, which also seems to be the method by which the West approaches refugees in general. The most important point being that there is a moral imperative to help these people the best way we can with the abundant resources at our disposal. This also plays into international justice and how to Liberal west can help those that are oppressed by people who hold opposing views. Looking at the status of refugees in Winnipeg it is clear that Liberal minding institutions have helped many thousands of people, not only find homes but also employment. While I can certainly appreciate the good done on behalf of institutions in Winnipeg clearly more has to be done. Many of the values which we hold here are not readily apparent to refugees who are finding it difficult to manage here and find them falling into poverty. This seems to be a recurring issue within the refugee population in the city and it is troubling that despite the numbers of those stuck in poverty they seem to have been largely abandoned by the government which continues to bring in more refugees without improving the conditions of those already here[8]. It follows to me at least that if those refugees here in Winnipeg are able to access better education and jobs that they would be able to contribute far more to our society that they are at the present. With higher wages they would be able to afford their own homes, rather than be exploited by landlords that enjoy powerful positions over refugees in their situations. With access to jobs more befitting of their qualifications they would be able to afford education for any children they may have brought with them which in turn leads to a better community as a whole since their children would be far less likely to get into crime or be recruited into street gangs, a real issue among young African male refugees who see it as the only opportunity to better their position. Certain policies I would a lso view as questionable, for instance the cost effective move to have affordable housing located in the worst parts of the city. While this may be less of a burden of the social services it does little to help the city of Winnipeg in the long-term. As these refugees are forced to live in dangerous neighbourhoods where children are routinely exploited, this does nothing to exhale the value were place on Liberty in the West. These families are forced to live in cramped, dirty apartments where social interactions with the community tend to be minimal due to crime within those areas. From my own experiences in dealing with people downtown I can imagine some of the difficulties a recent Syrian or African immigrant may face if they have to work late night as past a certain time the majority of people leave the downtown area and it can become dangerous to have to travel on foot very late into the night. This goes back to the issue of good employment, having to work late night shift work w ith the chance of being harassed or accosted after work doesn’t sound very appealing to me. The lack of continued aid once a refugee has found a job is a failure, and aid agencies like Winnipeg harvest among others are often strained to help or are unknown to refugee families. Now that isn’t to say that I believe we are obligated to help refugees, however if Canada is to uphold the Liberal values which it proclaims then we should handle refugees properly and with adequate support networks in place. From the articles and new reports I have researched for this paper it is clear that while refugees are certainly grateful to everything Canada has given them, it simply is not enough once they are settled and families fall into poverty and all associated issues. I can think of several things that could help the situation of refugees in the city, of course doing the right thing tends never to be time/cost effective. Recognition of refugees education is a big step in helping t hem to get meaningful employment, many refugees simply cannot afford to go to school here when they must work long hours to support themselves and families. I our diverse multicultural society it would pay off in the long term to give refugees better access to working environments, longer programs to ensure successful integration. Also better methods to deal with the trauma and mental issues that accompany living in a warzone. All told despite the many issues, refugees are doing well in Winnipeg issues in good employment remain but refugees do overwhelmingly feel safe in Winnipeg are at least able to find work for the most part. With the financial difficulties facing Canada, and Winnipeg it is understandable that we simply cannot provide the best for refugees at the moment without a noticeable impact of groups giving aid to Canadians that already are in need, however anything we can give them is far better than what they would have faced in their country of origin. Bibliography Articles Carter, Derwing, Ogilivie, T. Wotherspoon. â€Å"Prairies Region,† Our Diverse Cities 6 (2009): 8-50, 104. Omidvar, Richmond. â€Å"Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada,† Working Paper Series: Perspectives on Social Inclusion (2003) 44. Gyepi-Garbrah, J., Walker, R., Garcea, J.† Indigeneity, Immigrant Newcomers and Interculturalism in Winnipeg, Canada.†Urban Studies (2013). Short Sources Carol Sanders, â€Å"Feds to pay for only 40% of refugees,† Winnipeg Free Press, January 1, 2015. Accessed April 1, 2015. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/feds-to-pay-for-only-40-of-refugees-288229911.html Janine LeGal, â€Å"Congo refugee Hilaire Ndyat helps new immigrants settle in Winnipeg,† Canadian Immigrant, August 12, 2011. Accessed April 1, 2015. http://canadianimmigrant.ca/immigrant-stories/careers/congo-refugee-hilaire-ndyat-helps-new-immigrants-settle-in-winnipeg Carol Sanders, â€Å"Syrian refugees’ obstacles decried,† Winnipeg Free Press, April 1, 2014. Accessed April 1, 2015. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/syrian-refugees-obstacles-decried-253319531.html Amanda Thorsteinsson, November 27, 2013 (3:45 PM), Special to CBC news â€Å"Syrian refugees faced with nowhere to live† http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/syrian-refugees-faced-with-nowhere-to-live-1.2442659 Donna Carreiro, â€Å"Winnipeg refugee the face of a global crisis,† CBC News December 15, 2014. Accessed March 27, 2015. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-refugee-the-face-of-a-global-crisis-1.2872961 Manitoba Immigrant and Refugee Settlement Sector Association, Last modified 2015. http://www.mirssa.org/about.aspx Voices of Manitoba, https://manitobavoices.wordpress.com/about/resources-for-refugees-in-winnipeg/ Carol Sanders, â€Å"Manitoba hit record refugee count in 2013,† Winnipeg Free Press, March 27, 2014. Accessed March 27, 2015. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/manitoba-hit-record-refugee-count-in-2013-252590021.html University of Winnipeg Communications, December 9, 2014. â€Å"Bridging two worlds: Helping refugee youth succeed in Canada† http://news-centre.uwinnipeg.ca/all-posts/bridging-two-worlds-helping-refugee-youth-succeed-in-canada/ Shane Gibson, â€Å"Tough road for African immigrants, refugees in Winnipeg: report.† Metro News, July 26, 2012. Accessed April 1, 2015. http://metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/310949/tough-road-for-african-immigrants-refugees-in-winnipeg-report/ CBC News, â€Å"Syrian refugees glad to be in Winnipeg, but struggle to feed kids,† CBC News, July 4, 2014. Accessed April 6, 2015. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/syrian-refugees-glad-to-be-in-winnipeg-but-struggle-to-feed-kids-1.2697018 Shane Gibson, â€Å"Library for refugee and immigrant children opens in Winnipeg,† Metro News, February 6, 2015. Accessed April 6, 2015. http://metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/1281922/library-for-refugee-and-immigrant-children-opens-in-winnipeg/ â€Å"Winnipeg Crime Statistics† last modified April 5, 2015 http://www.winnipeg.ca/crimestat/ [1] Carter, Derwing, Ogilivie, Wotherspoon, â€Å"Prairies Region.† [2] â€Å"Prairies Region† [3] â€Å"Winnipg Crime Statistics† [4] Omidvar, Richmond â€Å"Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada† [5] â€Å"Prairire Regions† [6] Gyepi-Garbrah, J., Walker, R., Garcea, J. â€Å"Indigeneity, Immigrant Newcomers and Interculturalism in Winnipeg† [7] â€Å"Prairie Region† [8] â€Å"Immigrant Settlement and Social Inclusion in Canada†

House Opposite by R. K. Narayan :: Narayan House Opposite Essays

House Opposite by R. K. Narayan The short story, House Opposite by R. K. Narayan is an example of a man and his struggle with his own humanity. The basic plot of the story includes a holy man (only referred to as "the hermit") that is living along with the traditions of an Indian lifestyle. He considers himself to be a very good man, not succumbing to temptations or as it is put in the text, "He rigorously suppressed all cravings of the palate and punished his body in a number of ways." It is indicated that the hermit really did not understand why he was doing any of this however, barring his selfish interest in "spiritual liberation." The conflict in the story is internal; the hermit becomes aware of a prostitute living across the street, and cannot ignore her presence. Throughout the story, the hermit complains about the "awful monster" and regards her as the "personification of evil." This is not the root of the problem however.   The hermit's preoccupation with the prostitute served to destroy him, but unfortunately for him, the blame cannot be aimed at her. Throughout the middle of the passage, the hermit described the features of the prostitute with a particular contempt, yet he continued to look, even leer at her. He continued to think about what went on behind the closed doors, the men that waited around outside the house "smoking, chewing tobacco and spitting into the gutter - committing all the sins of the world according to the hermit." In fact, after the story unfolded, the hermit was so upset that he was "forced" to leave behind his shelter to look for a new place, thinking that he would rather not have a roof at all rather than live near the woman. He could not tend to his proper thoughts, and was not able to keep his gaze on the tip of his nose, as was proper, but only could see the woman.   The interesting thing is that he did not blame himself at all for his problem. In one line the hermit thought to himself, "Difficult to say whether it was those monstrous arms and breasts or thighs that tempted and ruined me†¦" and then proceeded to call the woman names. Why had she ruined his "tapas: all the merit he had so laboriously acquired†¦" The truth of the matter, however, is that not only was the hermit weak-willed, he had no idea why he would even be against this woman's practices, other than it was once said by someone.

Alibaba.Com Case Essay

1. Alibaba.com was an early entrant into the B2B portal market in China. In about 100 words, explain how this might have created a lock-in effect, especially given the types of businesses he site attracts. Alibaba.com does translation as well as listings for small to mid-sized businesses who want to do business. In so doing there is a lot of time and effort put into this business venture by these businesses. Once they are established and have spent the money to get there they wouldn’t be looking at changing their site unless this one wasn’t working for them. Since this site really concentrates its efforts towards these businesses and it is working they are pretty much a lock-in. Other businesses startups that would try and gain their business would have to provide something they are not already getting in order to lure them away. 2. Alibaba.com currently charges foreign sellers an annual fee of about $400 for a TrustPass membership, but Chinese companies pay $8000 or more for their annual listings as China Gold Suppliers. In about 200 words, explain why the site has different listing charges for the two types of members and critically evaluate this practice. Foreign sellers are limited to the amount of items they can list on the site. The TrustPass isn’t necessary for them to buy it only pays for a credit check that assures companies wanting to buy for them that they have been checked out. It would be advantageous for companies to pay the fee for a TrustPass in order for the companies wanting to buy from them to know they are someone who can be trusted. Whereas, the money paid by the Chinese companies is paying for the translation and the listing of all their information on the site as well as marketing. Chinese companies are not limited to the amount of items they can list. Alibaba.com is also connecting small and mid-sized businesses from around the world with those small and mid-sized businesses in China who subscribe to them. Alibaba.com is doing marketing for these businesses that might otherwise not have the resources to do this. Most small or mid-sized businesses in China would look to such means as trade fairs and other such avenues to meet other suppliers and to attract customers to their businesses. There is such a wide gap between the pricing that it could be construed the Chinese companies are way over paying for the services. However, when you look at all they are getting for their money and the fact it is opening many more doors for them it seems it isn’t. With the growth of the company and the renewal rate – it seems to be working well for them and they aren’t arguing the price. 3. You learned in Chapter 5 that large companies, such as General Electric and Sears, often require suppliers to follow specific rules if they want to do business (such as using EDI or even a specific EDI VAN). Alibaba.com currently focuses on connecting SMBs with each other. In about 200 words, discuss opportunities that might exist for Alibaba.com to become an intermediary in relationships between Chinese SMBs and large global companies such as General Electric and Sears. Alibaba.com could be the site to use a value-added network (VAN) and have all the software, equipment and skills needed to do transactions with the bigger companies. By having only one EDI translator computer saving each of the SMBs it contracts with from each one of them having to have their own. By hooking up with a VAN provider Alibaba.com would have the advantages of that provider for all of the SMBs it has contacts with. By everyone using the same VAN the costs could be spread out over everyone and not be so costly, thus letting all the SMBs getting the advantages of the VAN. By doing this Alibaba.com becomes a supplier for not only SMBs to SMBs but can now help those SMBs by selling to larger and more retail companies who require that anyone they buy from have an EDI. By Alibaba.com moving to this next step they can up their membership fees to cover the cost of upgrading to this option. It is a win-win situation for both Alibaba.com and all of the SMBs it does business with. Alibaba.com grows and the SMBs are now able to contract with bigger industrial companies and retailers that they would not have the opportunity to do before. With these new contracting opportunities the SMBs also have the opportunity to grow. 4. In 2003, Alibaba.com launched Taobao.com to compete in the general consumer online auction market against eBay in China. After four years of an intensive and expensive battle, eBay withdrew from China completely. In about 200 words, describe the advantages Alibaba.com might have had over eBay in this new market, and then describe the advantages eBay might have had over Alibaba.com. Be sure to discuss lock-in effects where appropriate. Alibaba.com was already a well-known and trusted name in business dealings when it opened Taobao.com. Since Alibaba.com was pretty much a lock-in with its B2B portal for SMBs it would be a natural progression for Taobao.com under the Alibaba.com structure to become a lock-in for another market being the general consumer online auction market. By drawing off of the Alibaba.com name the Taobao.com site would become more valuable to people who already are aware of the company than in investing in a new company such as eBay trying to come in and start from scratch. The trust had already been gained and people are not going to willingly move from a company they already trust to a new company starting out. By being an established company Taobao.com could possibly be able to offer incentives, fairer prices and a larger buyer/seller base than eBay just coming in. People who are buying or selling would want the larger base in order to get what they want to buy or to get a better price for what they are selling. By winning against eBay this would pretty much lock-in Taobao.com and make it rather difficult for any other company wanting to try and compete against them in the future. 5. In 2005, Yahoo! Paid $1 billion for a 40 percent interest in Alibaba.com. Yahoo! was interested in the company’s Taobao.com auction site because Yahoo! had not been as successful as it would have liked in developing its own Chinese auction site. However, Yahoo! was also interested in using Alibaba.com’s strong reputation in China to help I compete with Baidu.com, the top Chinese search engine site. In about 200 words, describe the ways in which Alibaba.com’s reputation could help Yahoo! Compete more effectively as a search engine and Web portal in China. By Alibaba.com being an established business since 1995 and being a lock-in for the, SMB to SMB, B2B market worldwide and then being another lock-in for the general consumer online auction market in 2003 it’s competition in both areas were basically out of luck. By Yahoo! offering to buy into the company showed that they knew they weren’t going to be able to come in as a new company and beat out Alibaba.com or Taobao.com. It had already been tried by eBay and they had failed after spending years and money to do it and not making it. Therefore, by buying an interest in an already established company Yahoo! was able to get its name out there in the public sector and business sectors and start gaining the trust by becoming a part of an already trusted company. When a large company endorses another product or site it lends credibility to that product or site and its followers are more willing to take a chance on the new one. By Alibaba.com and Taobao.com putting their mark on Yahoo! as a reliable search engine and Web portal it was saying to all of their contract businesses and buyers and sellers that this was someone they should use and trust as well. Thus they gave Yahoo! that boost above any of the other search engines out their vying for people to use them.

Amargasaurus Profile

Amargasaurus Profile Name: Amargasaurus (Greek for La Amarga lizard:); pronounced ah-MAR-gah-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (130 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and three tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Relatively small size; prominent spines lining neck and back About Amargasaurus Most of the sauropods of the Mesozoic Era looked pretty much like most every other sauropod- long necks, squat trunks, long tails and elephant-like legs- but Amargasaurus was the exception that proved the rule. This relatively slim plant-eater (only about 30 feet long from head to tail and two to three tons) had a row of sharp spines lining its neck and back, the only sauropod known to have possessed such an imposing feature. (True, the later titanosaurs of the Cretaceous period, direct descendants of the sauropods, were covered with scutes and spiny knobs, but these were nowhere near as ornate as those on Amargasaurus.) Why did the South American Amargasaurus evolve such prominent spines? As with similarly equipped dinosaurs (like the sailed Spinosaurus and Ouranosaurus), there are various possibilities: the spines may have helped to deter predators, they may have had some kind of role in temperature regulation (that is, if they were covered by a thin flap of skin capable of dissipating heat), or, most likely, they may simply have been a sexually selected characteristic (Amargasaurus males with more prominent spines being more attractive to females during mating season). As distinctive as it was, Amargasaurus appears to have been closely related to two other unusual sauropods: Dicraeosaurus, which was also equipped with (much shorter) spines emanating from its neck and upper back, and Brachytrachelopan, which was distinguished by its unusually short neck, probably an evolutionary adaptation to the types of food available in its South American habitat. There are other examples of sauropods adapting fairly quickly to the resources of their ecosystems. Consider Europasaurus, a pint-sized plant eater that barely weighed a single ton since it was restricted to an island habitat. Unfortunately, our knowledge of Amargasaurus is limited by the fact that only one fossil specimen of this dinosaur is known, discovered in Argentina in 1984 but only described in 1991 by the prominent South American paleontologist Jose F. Bonaparte. (Unusually, this specimen includes part of Amargasaurus skull, a rarity since the skulls of sauropods are easily detached from the rest of their skeletons after death). Oddly enough, the same expedition responsible for the discovery of Amargasaurus also unearthed the type specimen of Carnotaurus, a short-armed, meat-eating dinosaur that lived about 50 million years later!

Critically Examine The relationship Between Ethnicity and Health The WritePass Journal

Critically Examine The relationship Between Ethnicity and Health Introduction Critically Examine The relationship Between Ethnicity and Health IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction The policy makers are concerned with addressing or correcting imbalances that impact directly on ethnic minorities’ well-being, such as socioeconomic, health, housing, education, lifestyle and discriminatory factors. Aggleton (1990, p.5 as cited in Baggott, 2004) posited that health can be defined in two ways; ‘‘the positive approach, where health is viewed as a capacity or an asset, and the negative approach, which emphasises the absence of specific illnesses, diseases and disorders’’. Similarly the World Health Organisation (1946 as cited in Baggott, 2004) defined health as ‘‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’’. This definition is significant in that it highlights physical as well as mental aspects of health while emphasising the ‘positive sense’ as in Aggleton’s definition of health. According to Giddens (2009, p.633) ‘â⠂¬Ëœethnicity refers to the cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people which sets them apart from others’’. Ethnic groups have different traits that set them apart from other groups, such as religion, dress style, language, and history. However, ethnic differences are learned to an extent there have been associations made with health for most of these minority groups. While there is nothing innate about ethnicity, it is central to group and individual identity and similarly important to the health professions who suggest there is a relationship between health and ethnicity. Giddens (2009) argues that this relationship is partial at best but concedes that there is a rather high incidence of illnesses among individuals or groups of ethnic origins. This essay will critically examine and explain the relationship between ethnicity and health. In Britain as the 21st century progresses, its population composition of ethnic minorities is rapidly changing, despite Queen Elizabeth the 1st’s proclamation in 1601 that ‘negroes and blackamoors’ should be deported. She believed they were responsible in part for the social and economic dilemmas, such as famine and poverty (Haralambos Holborn, 2000, p.199). In contemporary Britain this contentious issue has continued amongst a mass population about what they believe to be ‘Britishness’ when it comes to ethnic minorities. According to Stillwell Van Ham, (2010) some see it as a disaster, which will lead to spatial segregation, communities breaking down and a burden to the health delivery system. Perhaps this could be explain why extreme right-wing parties such as the British National Party, which contests immigration and blames all social predicaments on ethnic minorities continues to attract support.   While others will argue that this will be goo d in terms of diversity and see it as an opportunity for an integrated society (Stillwell Van Ham, 2010). There are various ways in which health and ethnicity are related. For example there are differences in population structures, education, genetics, generational and socioeconomic factors between different ethnic groups that impact differently on their health (Bardsley, Hamm, Lowdell, Morgan Storkey, 2000). Prevalence of health related behaviours such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease to mention a few can be distinctively different for different ethnic groups, which indicates an association between ethnicity and health. However, Karlsen, (2004) posits that indicators or factors employed to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and health are likely to fail accounting for the central facets of ethnic minorities’ experiences which could influence health, especially the impact of socio-economic disadvantage, housing, poor health services, harassment and discrimination. As already mentioned above factors such as discrimination, socioeconomic, housing, education and the accessibility of health services have a direct impact and possible relationship between health and ethnicity. In the UK alone, research indicates that at least one in eight from the ethnic minority group experiences some form of racial harassment each year. While two fifths believe that half of the British employers would decline to offer someone a job on the basis of their ethnicity. Ethnic minorities have been shown to experience repeated health and socioeconomic disadvantages than the majority ethnic group. This has a direct impact on the mental health of ethnic minority individuals who experiences such. In a study using data from the Health survey for England, (1999) plus a follow up study, the Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC) to explore relationships between interpersonal racism experienced, discrimination as perceived in wider society, occupational class and various indicators of physical and mental health for the diverse ethnic groups in England including minority and majority white groups. The results indicated that there were significant independe nt relationships found between each of the factors explored and health. Hence, from these results current assessments were urged to take into account the different forms of structural disadvantages experienced by ethnic minorities and the diverse ways in which racial expressions can impact on health (Kalsen, 2004). However, there are a number of important but varied factors bearing on the health of ethnic groups and the overall population, which Stubbs (1993) argued that to understand these health patterns of ethnic groups there has to be a comparison with the host   group (majority ethnic group).   For instance, demographic, housing, lifestyle, socioeconomic and health service factors have a direct impact on the health of individuals (Baggott, 2004). Bannister (1901 as cited in Haralambos Holborn, 2000) argued that an individual’s ethnic background contributes to whether or not they are at a decreased or increased risk of developing a certain disease (s). For instance, he was very critical of Jews and their lifestyle describing them as ‘‘Yiddish money pigs’’ who did not like taking baths hence, were prone to blood and skin diseases. Conversely, it is opined that Bannister in this instance was expressing his hostile feelings towards this particular ethnic m inority group instead of advancing an evidence based argument for the association(s) of certain diseases and ethnicity. African-Caribbean and South Asians are more prone to developing diabetes than white Europeans. However, African-Caribbeans are far less likely to suffer from coronary heart disease than white Europeans which is more prevalent within the South Asians (Harding Maxwell, 1997; Nazroo, 1998). Suffice to say access to high quality health services is vital in sustaining a state of total physical, mental and social well being. According to Bunker, Frazier, and Mosteller (1994 as cited in Baggott, 2004), preventative measures such as screening, immunisation and medicine add at least 18-19 months to an individual’s life expectancy. A similar effect is also found when curative medicines are taken increasing the life expectancy by between 44-45 months. Generally this has not really happened with the ethnic groups as there are factors like discrimination and language barriers that impinge on the accessibility of health care. The social context in which ethnic minorities live and experience presents various challenges and disadvantages that will directly impact on their health negatively (Giddens, 2009). Pickett and Wilkinson (2008), argued that one’s health could be determined by the neighbourhood in which one lives, for example if a minority low status individual l ives in a higher quotient vicinity of their own racial or ethnic group then their health is likely to be better than those that live in lower quotient vicinities, this is referred to as the ‘group density effect’. Conversely, Smaje (1995) posits that concentration of ethnic minorities into poor vicinities has an independent and direct bearing on their health. Social structures for ethnic patterning in health show that African-Caribbean and Asians are more disadvantaged (Baggott, 2004). Harding and Maxwell’s (1997) study of the health of ethnics suggested that Indian, Pakistani and Bangladesh have a particularly high rate of diabetes and ischemic heart disease in comparison to other ethnic groups. This could be attributed to poor or overcrowded housing facilities amongst other factors already mentioned briefly above. Nazroo, (1998) from the findings of his study on the health of ethnic minorities agrees that Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic minorities experience high morbidity in comparison to other ethnic minority groups. He also found out that African Caribbean men had a lower mortality rate due to coronary heart disease, but were more prone to dying of a stroke compared to their counterparts including the majority ethnic group population. African-Caribbean and Asians ethnic groups do tend to record higher rates of hypertension, d iabetes and are three times more liable to having renal replacement therapy compared to the ethnic majority population (Raleigh, 1997). The health of ethnic minorities as mentioned above can be negatively affected by socioeconomic factors such as, employment and employment conditions. The majority of ethnic minority groups work in hazardous occupations, receive poor remuneration with diminished prospects for career progression. Their employment relationships are akin to the bourgeoisie and proletariat relationship. Bartley, Lynch, Sacker and Dodgeon (1998) suggest that the above findings of poor employment conditions and remuneration highlight the relationship between work conditions and high morbidity and mortality in ethnic minorities. Conversely, unemployment has an association poor health in that it cultivates financial hardship, stress, poor diet and living conditions. Factors such as socioeconomic disadvantages, poor housing, discrimination and poor health services create a knock on effect in one’s life cycle, ultimately exposing individuals to a host of disease and illnesses through a lack of equal opportunities. This leads to, anxiety, hypertension, depression and social isolation loss of one’s self esteem and purpose in life, which may result in the development of physical and mental health problems (Bartley, 1994 as cited in Naidoo Willis, 2000). However, Hull (1979) suggested that there is a correlation between migration and health. He attributed this to factors such as nature of symptoms and language barrier hindering ethnic minorities from accessing the right treatments because of the existing contextual cultural differences. Furnham and Bochner (1986) argue that if the host group does not offer any social support, and discrimination is displayed within vital institutions such as work environment, health, judiciary, and welfare. It creates more social stress resulting in mental illnesses for the migrating ethnic minorities. In addition Smaje (1995) links discrimination stressors to the psychological well-being as he suggests that racism has a bearing on differences in health between minority ethnic groups and the majority ethnic population. According to Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) black ethnic minority groups have a relatively short life expectancy and often have the worst health amongst ethnic minorities. In addition to that they posit that black ethnic minorities who experience mental health issues are likely to be discriminated against, often being depicted as an added threat or risk compared to the majority ethnic group. The Ethnicity and Health Report (2007) suggested that ethnic minorities have a higher probability rate of being confined in psychiatry through the criminal justice system unlike through diagnosis from the health system compared to the host group, especially Afro-Caribbean and Black Africans. Giddens (2009) supports the above statement by positing that indeed ethnic minorities mostly afro-Caribbean and black Africans are more likely to be stopped by law enforcers than their white counterparts. This form of institutionalised racism by law enforcement agents and the whole criminal justice system has sign ificant negative effects on minority groups’ psychological well being. Smith, Kelly and Nazroo, (2008) posited that racial discrimination, socioeconomic factors and policies that do not allow for equal opportunities and generally improve their existence within a host group could lead to a lasting effect on their mental and emotional health. In addition, injustice within the vital systems that provide help, health, work, and education further corrode ethnic minorities’ dilemma in terms of their physical and mental health (Smaje 1995). Evidence provided from the Ethnicity and Health Report, (2007) indicating the disparities in mental health between ethnic minorities and the host group is to some extent contentious, given that a cosmic amount of data employed is based on treatment rates. Consequently, this research indicated that ethnic minorities, particularly Afro-Caribbean people have higher rates of psychosis which is seven times more compared to the host group. Kalsen, Nazroo, Mckenzie, Bhui Weich (2005) from their research in the UK, on racism and mental health in ethnic minorities found that there was a significant relationship between racial discrimination and psychological well being. Indication from the results suggested there was a recurrence rate of psychosis annually of six per thousand for Bangladeshi people, ten per thousand for Indians, thirteen per thousand for Pakistani people, while they was sixteen per thousand for Afro-Caribbean people (Nazroo King, 2002 as cited in Kalsen et al., 2005). Nazro o (1998) from his studies posits that ethnic minorities’ mental health is worse than that of the host group. His findings were based on comparisons of the rates of reported suicide and para-suicide cases. Furthermore, Afro-Caribbeans are much more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenics than their white counterparts (Smarje, 1995). Evidence reviewed in this essay has shown that there is a relationship between ethnicity and health (Kalsen, 2004). However, some of the evidence is contentious in that treatment rates were used to make a general assumption on ethnic minorities’ health (Ethnicity and Health Report, 2007). Evidence also suggests that indicators such as low-economic statuses, migration, and discrimination, poor access to health services, local area deprivation and high unemployment have a direct bearing on ethnic minorities and their health. It could be argued that the determinants of health vary between ethnic groups as a result of differences in genetic and socioeconomic factors which cannot be generalised across all ethnic groups. The evidence reviewed demonstrates differences in health across ethnic groups. These findings are important indicators of the need for investment programmes that are specifically targeted at improving the quality and quantity of health and other related services for ethnic minority groups. Future policies need to move away from a capitalist approach were ethnic minorities are exploited for their services with little reward and improvement of their social being. There should be a balance of socio-economic factors in-order to stimulate change and shape policies that improve accessing of quality health and related services such as education. They are fundamental to the health of both ethnic minorities and ethnic majority in modern day Britain. References Baggot, R., (2004). (3rd ed). Health and Health care in Britain. Published by Palgrave Macmillan. Bardsley, M., Hamm, J., Lowdell, C., Morgan, D., Storkey, M., ( 2000). Developing health assessment for black and minority ethnic groups; Analysing routine health information. Retrieved March 21 2011from apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx? Bartley, M., Lynch, K., Sacker, A., Dodgeon, B. (1998). Social variations in health: relationship of mortality to the ONS socio-economic class (SEC) schema. In SEC Validation Workshop, University of Essex. Ethnicity and Health Report (2007). Retrieved March 3 2011, from parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn276.pdf Furnham, A. And Bochner, S., (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments, Routledge, London Haralambos, M. Holborn, M. (2000) Sociology themes and perspectives (5th ed). Published by Harper Collins. Harding, S., Maxwell, R., (1997). Differences in the mortality of migrants. In: F. Drever, M. Whitehead, Health inequalities. London: The stationer Office. Hull, D., (1979). Migration, adaptation and stress: A review. Social Science and Medicine 13A, 25-36. Kalsen, S., (2004). The influence of racism on ethnic inequalities in health: A missing link? University College London. Retrieved March 21 2011 from http://www2.Ise.ac.uk/socialPolicy/BSPS/annualconference/2004/healthAndEthnicity.aspx Karlsen, S., Nazroo, J. Y., Mckenzie, K., Bhui, K., Weich, S. (2005) Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England. Psychological medicine, 35, 1795-1803. Cambridge University Press. Giddens, A., (2009) (6th ed). Sociology, Cambridge, Polity Press. Naidoo, J., Willis, J., (2000). (2nd ed) Health Promotion, Foundations for practice. Harcourt Publishers limited. Nazroo, J., (1998). Genetic, cultural or socio-economic vulnerability? Explaining ethnic inequalities in health. Sociology of health and illness 20, pp 710-730. Cited in Scopus (87). Pilgrim, D., Rodgers, A., (1999). Sociology of Mental Health and Illness. Buckingham, Open University Press. Pickett, K. E., Wilkinson, R. G., (2008). Ethnic group density effects on health; Ethnicity and Health, 13, 4, 321- 334. Retrieved March 3 2011, from informaworld.com/openurl?genre=articleissn=1355%2d7858volume=13issue=4spage=321. Raleigh, V.S., (1997). National Institute of Epidemiology University of Surrey Guildford GU2 5YD. Smaje, C., (1995). Health Race and Ethnicity, King’s Fund Institute, London Smith, N. R., Kelly, Y. J., Nazroo, J. Y., (2008). ‘‘Intergrational continuities of ethnic inequalities in general health in England.’’ Journal of Epidemiology and community Health 63, 253-258. Stillwell, J., Van Ham, M., (2010). Ethnicity and Integration: Understanding population Trends and Processes, Vol 3, 1-25 retrieved 16 March 2011 from https://springerlink3.metapress.com Stubbs, P., (1993).’’Ethnically sensitive’ or ‘anti-racist’? Models for health research and service delivery’, in W. Ahmad (1993b), pp.34-47.